Effects of Motivation on Learned Helplessness - 3158 Words

Effects of Motivation on Learned Helplessness Learned helplessness is a psychological condition in which a human being or an animal has learned to act or behave helpless in a particular situation, even when it has the power to change its unpleasant or even harmful circumstance (Seligman, 1975). This feeling of helplessness is generated when the individual has been exposed to previous uncontrollable events and thus learns to fail in the current situation because responding in the past had yielded insignificant results (Nation Massad, 1975). Therefore by attributing uncontrollable negative outcomes to internal and lasting causes, people might perceive that future events will also be uncontrollable. As such, helplessness is manifested in†¦show more content†¦From these inventories, the researchers found that the need for validation from others was positively related to negative moods such as anxiety and depression. On the other hand, a person who is more self reinforcing (high er intrinsic motivation) is less vulnerable to anxiety and depression. This is mainly because individuals with a high need for reassurance from others (extrinsically motivated) are more vulnerable to anxiety and depression when others are not present to motivate them compared to intrinsically motivated individuals. Since learned helplessness is often linked with depression (Abraham, Metalsky Alloy, 1989) extrinsically motivated individuals are more prone to learned helplessness compared to intrinsically motivated individuals. Thus, this research shows mixed results on whether motivation helps to reduce learned helplessness. The present study hopes to show that motivation does help in reducing learned helplessness among young adults. The study does not aim to replicate any of the earlier studies but serves as a brand new experiment to affirm the fact that motivation helps in reducing learned helplessness. The hypothesis to be proved is that motivation aids in reducing learned helple ssness among young adults. This concurs with the studies done by Seligman (1975), Kuhl (1981), Deci and Ryan (2000) Boggiano and Barrett (1985) in the motivation helps to reduce learnedShow MoreRelatedEssay Success is a Subjective State of Mind925 Words   |  4 Pagesit means. It is a definition that changes within each individual’s personality and conforms to their needs and desires (2014). Obadassi Battal, a writer for the International Journal of Academic Research, wrote an article titled The Effect of Learned Helplessness of the Success. He discovers intrigued cognitive correlations between learning abilities and success. By following a group of students from fourth grade on, he developed an interesting hypothesis. 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Plan to Make a Million Dollars from a Person Who Has Volunteer

Essays on Plan to Make a Million Dollars from a Person Who Has Volunteer Experience in a Church and Child Care Center and Has Been Interested in Economics since Childhood Personal Statement Personal ment I served as the leader of our local church groups Christmas fund raising program this past holiday season. I was in charge of making contacting local businesses and convincing them to join in our program by donating cash or goods for the underprivileged community members. I convinced business owners to do their part by placing their business name on donation bags as part of their business promotion campaign. This idea sat very well with most of the businessmen who opted to then donate cash instead of goods. 2. My interest in the principles of economics stems from my childhood. I was encouraged by my parents to open up a lemonade stand. I was fascinated by the money that I made and that parlayed into other business ideas for me over time. I needed to become more creative and diverse in businesses that I entered into so that I could make more money from the limited capital that I had. I recognized market and economic trends which helped develop my creativity in terms of economics and its related fields. 3. Working a part time job is never easy. Specially when it seems like your supervisor has it in for you like I did. The more he tried to hassle me at work, the tougher and stronger I became. I was not going to let him treat me like an idiot. I turned to my senior co-workers and begged them to train me so that our supervisor could never find a reason to pick on me. I was able to prove that I could do the job and much more. 4. I volunteer at our local non-profit day care center during my class free days and weekends. This is something I enjoy doing because I am able to help shape the minds of our future leaders by helping them create a solid foundation for their future character and education platforms. Part of my day care projects include potty training the toddlers and helping them learn their numbers and alphabet so that they can read simple books like Dr. Seuss on their own. 5. My neighbors child is deaf mute and has never really been that sociable with other kids on the block. But one day, I saw my hearing neighbors picking on my defenseless neighbor and I felt an urge to defend my defenseless neighbor. By scaring them off, I made a new friend in my neighbor and in the process, I also learned American Sign Language as an alternative form of communication. I believe that I can help our school community by helping make our special needs students feel more welcome. 6. My goal in life is to have a million dollars by the time I turn 40. This is a dream that became my commitment to myself after I bought my first stock certificate when I turned 16. Since then I have been working part time non-stop and setting aside my investment budget every year in order to help achieve that goal. I have also been studying the intricacies of the stock market in relation to economics and how I can use that information to reach my goal.

Business Law Report

Question: Discuss the business structures and the equality act 2010. Answer: Introduction The present report is a very important piece of paper which covers two most important aspects that prevails in United Kingdom, that is, business structures in United Kingdom and the analysis of The Equality Act 2010. Part I of the report deals with an analysis of two kinds of business structures that are prevalent in United Kingdom, that is, Partnership and Limited Liability Company. Arguments are lay down which established that establishing a company is a better choice in comparison with a partnership. Various tax issues, control issues, etc are evaluated of both the business structures prior adhering with the notion, that a company is a better choice. Part II of the report analysis The Equality Act 2010 and what safeguard an employer must take in order to avoid any kind of unnecessary complaints. Both primary and secondary sources are used to justify the arguments made. Various provisions of the Ac are analysed which must be adhere by the employer so that protection and safeguard is provided to he employees. The reference List is added in the end. Business structures As per the given scenario, a business needs to be set up as a general partnership. However, there are arguments that are lay down which establishes that running a business in the form of a limited liability company will be a much better choice when compared with a general partnership. Thus, in order to justify the statement made above, it is important to evaluate the pros and cons of establishing a general partnership and a limited liability company and in what manner the establishment of a limited liability company is a better choice. In United Kingdom, a business can be establish in several manners, such as, as a sole proprietorship, as a partnership, as a limited liability partnership or as a limited liability company. All the forms are important depending upon the needs, desires, and resources of the person. Once a business structure is finalised by a person, then, such structure identifies his responsibilities, legal obligations, statutory issues, environmental issues, etc. (Spadaccini, 2009). But the two important business forms that are evaluated in the present report are a General Partnership and a Limited Liability Company. Both the structures are analysed individually and are then compared to justify the statement made above. A General Partnership Definition and elements A General Partnership (Partnership) is a business form wherein there must be at least two persons who intends to come together to formulate a business of incessant nature and with a motive to earn profits. This distinct structuring establishes very important elements in a partnership, such as: (McCahery Vermeulen, 2004) A partnership cannot be created by a single person and requires more than one person. The business must be of incessant nature and not a single activity. The motive of the partners is to earn profits. Advantages Once a partnership is formed then there are various advantages that can be associated with it. Such as, it is very simple, easy and economical to establish and create a partnership. This is because there is no formal procedure that is required for its information, such as, any kind of registration (as the same is required while forming a company). Rather, a simple partnership agreement defining the mutual rights and obligations of the Partners, the term of the partnership, profit sharing ratio, etc. Further, the partners carry out their tasks and are remunerated through drawings. This helps in securing tax advantage which is not present if the remuneration is made by giving salaries (as the same is done in a company). Also, there are no statutory obligations of filling any kind of return which is a very cumbersome, tedious and costly affair. (Fibbe, 2009) Thus, a Partnership is a business structure which is very popular and its advantages cannot be overlooked. But, in order to justify the statement made above, that is, running the business in the form of a limited liability company will be a much better choice when compared with a general partnership, it is important to analyse the structuring and advantages of a Limited Liability Company. A Limited Liability Company Definition and elements A Limited Liability Company (Company) is one of the business structures that can be established in United Kingdom. A company is a legal entity that has its separate existence in the eyes of law. In Salomon v Salomon (1897) the concept of Separate Legal Existence is explained and it was held by the House of Lords that a company is an artificial legal person and is separate from its members, employees and officers. This separate existence of a company has evolved various distinct features of a company, such as: (Puig, 2000) It has Limited Liability- The liability of the company is limited, that is, the shareholders of the company are liable only to the extent to their shareholdings and not beyond the same. Any liability that is beyond their shareholdings will not fall on their shoulders but must be equated by utilising the assets of the company (Lee v Lees Air Farming Ltd(1960). It has perpetual succession Perpetual succession implies that a company is an artificial legal person in law and is not associated with its officers and members. Thus, in Salomon case it was held that even if all the members of the company dies, the company still remain alive and active. It can sue in its own name and be sued by any other person. Now, on order to justify that a company is a better choice in comparison with a Partnership, it is important to analyse the advantages of a company. Advantages Once a company is formulated, there are numerous advantages that can associate with the same and which cannot be found in a partnership form of business. The same are: (Chris, 2016) A company is a separate legal entity in the eyes of law, that is, it is distinct and dissociated from its members and officers (Salomon v Salomon (1897)). Any acts that are carried out by a company are in its own name and not in the name of its members and officers. Thus, a company has power to enter into contracts, purchase property, sue in its own name, acquire funds, etc. (Academia, 2015) A company once formulated has limited liability, which implies that the liability of the shareholders is limited and cannot be imposed with financial burden beyond the extent of their shareholdings (Puig, 2000) The salaries and dividend of the directors are taxed separately, thus, by taking dividends they can minimise their NIC contribution. A company is ageless, that is, it has perpetual succession. A company never dies and thus even if all company members cease to exist, a company keeps on running. This is because a company is an artificial legal person and has distinct personality. (The Law Teacher, 2016) The Corporation Tax is 21% and which is very less. There is professionalism found in a company. The shares are easily transferrable. The company name is distinct and cannot be used or acquired by any other person or business form. Tax advantage can be acquired on employees executive pensions. Thus, these are the various advantages that are part of a company and which lacks in a partnership firm, thereby making a Limited Liability company a better choice to run a business. Further, there are few drawbacks in a partnership which also establishes that a company must be established in place of a partnership. Such as, a partnership has no separate legal personality, thus, the acts of the partnership will make the partners liable and vice versa. Further, there is no limited liability and thus the partners are liable to all the losses of the partnership. Also, there are chances of disputes as normally all partners are part of decision making process. The partnership cease to exist as soon as a partner dies or leaves the firm and a new partner is entered. Thus there is no perpetual succession. (Startupdonut, 2015) Thus, considering the advantages of a company and drawback of a firm, it is justified in submitting that establishing business in company form is a better choice. The Equality Act 2010 The client employs 100 people. In order to make sure that he comply with all laws and to avoid expensive claims from the employees (because of non-compliance of the laws), it is necessary to evaluate the steps that he must undertake. In order to do so the Equality Act 2010 is evaluated. The Equality Act 2010 has brought all the prior legislations under one head and has also strengthened some of the earlier provisions. It is now important to evaluate the provisions of the Equality Act 2010 so that unnecessary claims against the organisation by the employees can be avoided. One of the prominent features of the Equality Act 2010 is its Protected Characteristics. The same are established under section 4 of the Equality Act 2010. The various characteristics are: (ACAS, 2016) That every employee is protected and no regard must be made to his or her age while complying with the protection (section 5). The Equality Act 2010 permits the employee to remain absent from work if undergoing gender reassignment. Any discrimination made regarding the same is not permissible under section 7 of the Equality Act, 2010. The Act strictly made provisions regarding disability. As per section 6, schedule 1, if any unfair treatment is carried out towards any employees because of disability or like then such acts are not permissible, such as, any information which highlights the disability of the prospective employee is not allowed unless and until specific provision is made in such regard. Specifiable protections and safeguard are provided to pregnant women employees under section 9 of the Equality Act 2010. An employer has an obligation to treat all the employees alike and no gender preference is allowed. He must not make any discrimination on the basis of sex unless and until special provisions regarding the same is made. Any deviation is considered violation of section 11 of the Equality Act 2010. An employer must not discriminate its employees on the basis of Race and Religion and Belief as per section 10 of the Equality Act 2010. The concept of Sexual Orientation is safeguarded under section 12 of the Equality Act 2010. These are some of the protected characteristics that are obligatory on an employer to follow. The employer is also not permitted to make any kind of discrimination that is direct or indirect discrimination. A Direct Discrimination is lay down in section 13 of the Equality Act 2010 and which submits that when an employee is having protected characteristics and the employer acts in a manner wherein he gave favour to one employee over another then the employee is making direct discrimination. Whereas Indirect Discrimination is lay down in section 19 of the Equality Act 2010. It submits that the policies and rules framed which are advantageous to one employee but disadvantageous to another (mainly because of their protected characteristics) then it is a kind of indirect discrimination that is done by the employer and is not permissible under law. (Youngs, 2014) The employer must also make sure that: No discrimination by Perception is carried out, that is, when one person perceived that another person is having protected characteristics and then there is discrimination by an employer. No Victimization is undertaken by an employer as per section 27 of the Equality Act 2010. When an employee is part of the complaint that is filed against the organisation and if an employer treats such employee who has supported he complaint in awful manner then such acts of the employer is called victimization of employee and is not permissible. An employer is not permitted to harass any employee and is laid down in section 26 of the Equality Act 2010. Also, an employer can protect himself and the organisation from employee claims provided an employer apart from complying with protected characteristics and avoiding any kind of discrimination, victimization, harassment etc, must: An employer is not permitted to advertise for a job which establishes gender discrimination or age discrimination unless and until the discrimination is the main essential for the performance of the job. Comply with the provisions of section 77 of the Equality Act 2010. Section 77 emphasis the concept of Equal Pay without any gender discrimination. It submits that if equal work is undertaken by both men and women then they both are eligible for equal pay without any gender discrimination. It is necessary that whenever an employer is undertaking the activity of recruitment then the same must be clear and unambiguous. If the process is found to be discriminatory then it is nothing but violation of Equality Act 2010. For instance, if the recruitment process discriminates on the basis of age, gender, etc then the same is not permissible. As per the Equality Act 2010, an employer is permissible to seek information related to health of the employee provided the same is the basic requirement of the job offered, but, beyond that the employer is not permissible to seek any health information related to the employee. An employer prior fixing the pay and benefits of the employee must consider some of the factors, such as, employees skills, rate which is applicable in the same sector, employees performance, etc. an employer must make sure that no discrimination must be made while allotting any kind of benefits and pays to the employees. Any discrimination must be based on proper reasoning provided by the employer. An employer must make sure that while fixing the working hours of the employees no discrimination must be made. In order to enhance the performance of an employee it is important that an employer must timely promote and transfer an employee. While doing so it is necessary that no discrimination must be made. If the same is done the it is contrary to the provisions of the Equality Act 2010. It is necessary that an employer must make sure that he implements such policies, rules and procedures that educate and train the employees so that better results can be achieved. Also, the employer must make sure that proper policies and rules must be framed so that an employee can seek the benefits of promotions and transfers. This will help in the enhancements of the loyalty and moral of the employees. Training must also be provided so that an employee must adhere himself with the latest technologies and skills so that he can produce much better results. An employer must make sure that the training, education, etc must be provided by an employer to the employee without any discrimination. It is important that any disciplinary procedure undertaken by an employer upon the employee must not be fair and reasonable and must adhere to changes as an hen the need arises. Hence, these are the provisions of the Equality Act 2001 and various procedures that must be comply by an employer in order to avoid any kind of undue hardship from the employees. But, if suppose the employer is not able to comply with the adequate procedure and does not follow the provisions of the Equality Act 2010, then, in such scenario section 124 of the Equality Act 2010 is applicable. As per the section the Employment Tribunal is authorised to lay down the procedure that must be followed by the employer and the organisation in order o avoid any kind of discrimination and hardship upon the employee. The procedure laid down by the tribunal is not binding but can be used as a support to lay evidence. Thus, all the above provisions and regulations must be followed in order to avoid any kind of expensive claims from the employees. Bibliography Books/Articles/Journals Chris D, Separate personality and limited liability are cornerstones of UK Company law. Discuss with reference to advantages and disadvantages of separate personality (2016). Fibbe G, EC Law Aspects of Hybrid Entities (2009) Puig G A, A Two-Edged Sword: Salomon and the Separate Legal Entity Doctrine (2000). Youngs R, English, French German Comparative Law (2014) Routledge McCahery Vermeulen, The Governance of Close Corporations and Partnerships:US and European Perspectives (2004) Oxford University press. Case Law Lee v Lees Air Farming Ltd(1960). Salomon v Salomon (1897). Online Material ACAS, The Equality Act Whats new for employers? (2016) https://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/n/8/Equality_Act_2010_guide_for_employers-accessible-version-Nov-2011.pdf. Academia, Separate Legal personality and Limited Liability are cornerstones of UK Company Law. Discuss with reference to advantages and disadvantages of separate legal personality (2015) https://www.academia.edu/9819084/_Separate_personality_and_limited_liability_are_cornerstones_of_UK_Company_law._Discuss_with_reference_to_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_separate_personality. Spadaccini M, Entrepreneur, (2009) https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/200516. Startupdonut, Should You trade as a partnership or a limited company (2015) https://www.startupdonut.co.uk/blog/2014/03/should-you-trade-partnership-or-limited-company The Law Teacher, A company is an artificial person created by law (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/business-law/a-company-law-essays.php.

Past Year Question Pad120 Essay Example

Past Year Question Pad120 Essay UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA(UiTM) PAD 120: Introduction to Political Science PAST EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPERS (2007 – 2010) COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE : PAD 120 EXAMINATION : OCTOBER 2010 TIME : 3 HOURS This question paper consists of two (2) parts. Part A (5 Questions) Part B (4 Questions) Answer ALL questions from Part A and any two (2) questions from Part B in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. PART A QUESTION 1 a) Define Politics. (5 marks) b) Explain the relationship between economics and political science. 5 marks) QUESTION 2 Explain TWO(2) criticisms of the theory of separation of powers. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe the theory of force. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Explain the concept of constitutionalism . Provide examples to support your answer. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Describe TWO(2) types of sovereignty. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 Describe FOUR (4) disadvantages of democracy. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Elaborate on TWO (2) types of law. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe FOUR (4) elements of the State. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on FOUR (4) merits of a federal government. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE: PAD 120 EXAMINATION: APRIL 2010 TIME : 3 HOURS This question paper consists of two (2) parts: PART A (5 Questions) PART B (4 Questions) Answer ALL questions from Part A and any two (2) questions from PART B in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. PART A QUESTION 1 Elaborate on any TWO (2) disadvantages of an unwritten constitution. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Describe any TWO (2) features of Theory of Force. (10marks) QUESTION 3 Explain any TWO (2) concepts of constitutionalism. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Explain custom and adjudication as TWO (2) important sources of law. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Describe any TWO (2) types of autocracy. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) methods to carry out research in political science. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Elaborate on any TWO (2) merits and demerits of unitary government. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe any FOUR (4) features of a presidential form of government. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) characteristics of sovereignty. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE: PAD 120 We will write a custom essay sample on Past Year Question Pad120 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Past Year Question Pad120 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Past Year Question Pad120 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer EXAMINATION: OCTOBER 2009 TIME : 3 HOURS This question paper consists of two (2) parts: PART A (5 Questions) PART B (4 Questions) Answer ALL questions from PART A and any two (2) questions from PART B in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. PART A QUESTION 1 Explain any TWO (2) scopes of political science. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Identify any Two (2) disciplines of social science that are interrelated with the study of political science. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Explain any TWO (2) sources of power. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Describe ONE (1) advantage and ONE (1) disadvantage of a written constitution. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Elaborate on any TWO (2) elements that constitute a state. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) sources of law. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Elaborate on any TWO (2) merits and any TWO (2) demerits of democracy. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe any FOUR (4) types of sovereignty. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) characteristics of a presidential form of government. (25 marks) COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE: PAD 120 EXAMINATION: APRIL 2009 TIME : 3 HOURS This question paper consists of two(2) parts: PART A (5 Questions) PART B (4 Questions) Answer ALL questions from PART A and two (2) questions from PART B. PART A QUESTION 1 Describe any TWO (2) arguments to support the study of political science as a science. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Describe any TWO (2) features of the Force Theory of the origin of state. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Elaborate on any TWO (2) characteristics of law. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Explain any Two (2) features of a good constitution. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Elaborate on any TWO (2) types of sovereignty. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 Discuss any FOUR (4) features of democracy. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) types of autocracy. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Discuss any FOUR (4) features of the federal form of government. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) essential elements of the state. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE : PAD 120 EXAMINATION : OCTOBER 2008 TIME : 3 HOURS This question paper consists of two (2) parts: PART A (5 questions) PART B (4 questions) Answer ALL questions from PART A and two (2) questions from PART B. PART A QUESTION 1 Explain public administration and international relations as sub-fields of political science. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Describe the meaning of popular sovereignty and legal sovereignty. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Explain any TWO (2) features of a constitution. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Power is a complex subject in political science. Elaborate on any TWO (2) sources of power. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Describe population and government as the elements of the state. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 Elaborate on FOUR (4) features of the unitary form of government. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Discuss any FOUR (4) features of the Social Contract Theory of the origin of the state. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Compare any FOUR (4) differences between unitary and federal forms of government. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Law is made to regulate an individual’s and a group’s conduct. Explain any FOUR (4) sources of law. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER AM/APR 2008/PAD 120 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE: PAD120 EXAMINATION: APRIL 2008 TIME : 3 HOURS Answer ALL questions in PART A and TWO (2) questions from PART B. PART A QUESTION 1 Elaborate on any TWO (2) ways for a leader to obtain authority. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Describe any TWO (2) characteristics of monarchy government. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Elaborate on any TWO (2) features of the theory of Divine Rights in the origin of the state. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Explain TWO (2) criticisms in the practice of the separation of powers. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Describe ONE (1) advantage and ONE (1) disadvantage of a flexible constitution. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 a) Define Political Science. (5 marks) b) Explain any FOUR (4) methods used by the political scientist in the study of political science. 20 marks) QUESTION 2 a) Define sovereignty. (5 marks) b) Differentiate with examples internal sovereignty from external sovereignty. (20 marks) QUESTION 3 a) Define government. (5 marks) b) Differentiate the practices of a parliamentary system from a presidential system. (20 marks) QUESTION 4 a) Define autocracy. (5 marks) b) Elaborate on any FOUR (4) forms of autocracy. (20 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER AM/OCT 2007/PAD 120 _____________________________________________________________________________________ UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION _____________________________________________________________________________________ COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE : PAD 120 EXAMINATION : OCTOBER 2007 TIME : 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of two (2) parts. PART A (5 Questions) PART B (4 Questions) 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A and Two questions from PART B. 3. Answer to each question must be written in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 4. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. 5. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of : i) the Question Paper ii) an answer Booklet provided by the Faculty. PART A ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS QUESTION 1 Explain any TWO (2) benefits of the study of Political Science to a student. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 The study of Political Science can be considered as a science. Identify any TWO (2) arguments to support the statement. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Explain any TWO (2) ways for a government to achieve legitimacy. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Discuss any TWO (2) functions of the state. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Explain any TWO (2) features of evolutionary or historical theory on the origin of state. (10 marks) PART B ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY. QUESTION 1 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) types of law. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Describe any FOUR (4) methods of establishing a constitution. 25 marks) QUESTION 3 Elaborate on FOUR (4) differences between unitary and federal forms of government. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Discuss FOUR (4) weaknesses of democracy. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE : PAD 120 EXAMINATION : APRIL 2007 TIME : 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of TWO (2) parts. PA RT A ( 5 Questions) PART B ( 4 Questions). 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A and TWO (2) questions from PART B. 3. Answers to all questions must be written in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 4. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. 5. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: i) the Question Paper ii) an Answer Booklet provided by the Faculty _________________________________________________ AM/APR 2007/PAD120 PART A ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. QUESTION 1 Describe any two (2) methods used by researchers in the field of political science. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Explain briefly two (2) rationale of separation of powers. 10 marks) QUESTION 3 Elaborate on two (2) ways in which a government obtains authority. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on two (2) types of constitution. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Describe two (2) types of democracy. (10 marks) PART B Answer any TWO (2) of the following: QUESTION 1 Explain any TWO (2) advantages and TWO (2) disadvantages of parliamentary government. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Explain FOUR (4) characteristics of sovereignty. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe FOUR (4) essential elements of a State. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on FOUR (4) sources of law. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER Past Year Question Pad120 Essay Example Past Year Question Pad120 Essay UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA(UiTM) PAD 120: Introduction to Political Science PAST EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPERS (2007 – 2010) COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE : PAD 120 EXAMINATION : OCTOBER 2010 TIME : 3 HOURS This question paper consists of two (2) parts. Part A (5 Questions) Part B (4 Questions) Answer ALL questions from Part A and any two (2) questions from Part B in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. PART A QUESTION 1 a) Define Politics. (5 marks) b) Explain the relationship between economics and political science. 5 marks) QUESTION 2 Explain TWO(2) criticisms of the theory of separation of powers. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe the theory of force. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Explain the concept of constitutionalism . Provide examples to support your answer. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Describe TWO(2) types of sovereignty. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 Describe FOUR (4) disadvantages of democracy. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Elaborate on TWO (2) types of law. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe FOUR (4) elements of the State. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on FOUR (4) merits of a federal government. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE: PAD 120 EXAMINATION: APRIL 2010 TIME : 3 HOURS This question paper consists of two (2) parts: PART A (5 Questions) PART B (4 Questions) Answer ALL questions from Part A and any two (2) questions from PART B in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. PART A QUESTION 1 Elaborate on any TWO (2) disadvantages of an unwritten constitution. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Describe any TWO (2) features of Theory of Force. (10marks) QUESTION 3 Explain any TWO (2) concepts of constitutionalism. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Explain custom and adjudication as TWO (2) important sources of law. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Describe any TWO (2) types of autocracy. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) methods to carry out research in political science. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Elaborate on any TWO (2) merits and demerits of unitary government. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe any FOUR (4) features of a presidential form of government. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) characteristics of sovereignty. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE: PAD 120 We will write a custom essay sample on Past Year Question Pad120 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Past Year Question Pad120 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Past Year Question Pad120 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer EXAMINATION: OCTOBER 2009 TIME : 3 HOURS This question paper consists of two (2) parts: PART A (5 Questions) PART B (4 Questions) Answer ALL questions from PART A and any two (2) questions from PART B in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. PART A QUESTION 1 Explain any TWO (2) scopes of political science. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Identify any Two (2) disciplines of social science that are interrelated with the study of political science. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Explain any TWO (2) sources of power. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Describe ONE (1) advantage and ONE (1) disadvantage of a written constitution. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Elaborate on any TWO (2) elements that constitute a state. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) sources of law. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Elaborate on any TWO (2) merits and any TWO (2) demerits of democracy. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe any FOUR (4) types of sovereignty. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) characteristics of a presidential form of government. (25 marks) COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE: PAD 120 EXAMINATION: APRIL 2009 TIME : 3 HOURS This question paper consists of two(2) parts: PART A (5 Questions) PART B (4 Questions) Answer ALL questions from PART A and two (2) questions from PART B. PART A QUESTION 1 Describe any TWO (2) arguments to support the study of political science as a science. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Describe any TWO (2) features of the Force Theory of the origin of state. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Elaborate on any TWO (2) characteristics of law. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Explain any Two (2) features of a good constitution. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Elaborate on any TWO (2) types of sovereignty. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 Discuss any FOUR (4) features of democracy. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) types of autocracy. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Discuss any FOUR (4) features of the federal form of government. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) essential elements of the state. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE : PAD 120 EXAMINATION : OCTOBER 2008 TIME : 3 HOURS This question paper consists of two (2) parts: PART A (5 questions) PART B (4 questions) Answer ALL questions from PART A and two (2) questions from PART B. PART A QUESTION 1 Explain public administration and international relations as sub-fields of political science. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Describe the meaning of popular sovereignty and legal sovereignty. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Explain any TWO (2) features of a constitution. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Power is a complex subject in political science. Elaborate on any TWO (2) sources of power. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Describe population and government as the elements of the state. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 Elaborate on FOUR (4) features of the unitary form of government. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Discuss any FOUR (4) features of the Social Contract Theory of the origin of the state. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Compare any FOUR (4) differences between unitary and federal forms of government. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Law is made to regulate an individual’s and a group’s conduct. Explain any FOUR (4) sources of law. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER AM/APR 2008/PAD 120 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE: PAD120 EXAMINATION: APRIL 2008 TIME : 3 HOURS Answer ALL questions in PART A and TWO (2) questions from PART B. PART A QUESTION 1 Elaborate on any TWO (2) ways for a leader to obtain authority. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Describe any TWO (2) characteristics of monarchy government. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Elaborate on any TWO (2) features of the theory of Divine Rights in the origin of the state. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Explain TWO (2) criticisms in the practice of the separation of powers. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Describe ONE (1) advantage and ONE (1) disadvantage of a flexible constitution. (10 marks) PART B QUESTION 1 a) Define Political Science. (5 marks) b) Explain any FOUR (4) methods used by the political scientist in the study of political science. 20 marks) QUESTION 2 a) Define sovereignty. (5 marks) b) Differentiate with examples internal sovereignty from external sovereignty. (20 marks) QUESTION 3 a) Define government. (5 marks) b) Differentiate the practices of a parliamentary system from a presidential system. (20 marks) QUESTION 4 a) Define autocracy. (5 marks) b) Elaborate on any FOUR (4) forms of autocracy. (20 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER AM/OCT 2007/PAD 120 _____________________________________________________________________________________ UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION _____________________________________________________________________________________ COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE : PAD 120 EXAMINATION : OCTOBER 2007 TIME : 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of two (2) parts. PART A (5 Questions) PART B (4 Questions) 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A and Two questions from PART B. 3. Answer to each question must be written in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 4. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. 5. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of : i) the Question Paper ii) an answer Booklet provided by the Faculty. PART A ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS QUESTION 1 Explain any TWO (2) benefits of the study of Political Science to a student. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 The study of Political Science can be considered as a science. Identify any TWO (2) arguments to support the statement. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 Explain any TWO (2) ways for a government to achieve legitimacy. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Discuss any TWO (2) functions of the state. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Explain any TWO (2) features of evolutionary or historical theory on the origin of state. (10 marks) PART B ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY. QUESTION 1 Elaborate on any FOUR (4) types of law. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Describe any FOUR (4) methods of establishing a constitution. 25 marks) QUESTION 3 Elaborate on FOUR (4) differences between unitary and federal forms of government. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Discuss FOUR (4) weaknesses of democracy. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE : PAD 120 EXAMINATION : APRIL 2007 TIME : 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of TWO (2) parts. PA RT A ( 5 Questions) PART B ( 4 Questions). 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A and TWO (2) questions from PART B. 3. Answers to all questions must be written in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 4. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. 5. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: i) the Question Paper ii) an Answer Booklet provided by the Faculty _________________________________________________ AM/APR 2007/PAD120 PART A ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. QUESTION 1 Describe any two (2) methods used by researchers in the field of political science. (10 marks) QUESTION 2 Explain briefly two (2) rationale of separation of powers. 10 marks) QUESTION 3 Elaborate on two (2) ways in which a government obtains authority. (10 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on two (2) types of constitution. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Describe two (2) types of democracy. (10 marks) PART B Answer any TWO (2) of the following: QUESTION 1 Explain any TWO (2) advantages and TWO (2) disadvantages of parliamentary government. (25 marks) QUESTION 2 Explain FOUR (4) characteristics of sovereignty. (25 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe FOUR (4) essential elements of a State. (25 marks) QUESTION 4 Elaborate on FOUR (4) sources of law. (25 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER

What is Corporate Governance †Business Essay

What is Corporate Governance – Business Essay Free Online Research Papers What is Corporate Governance Business Essay Stakeholder – Any one with a vested interest in the business. Includes shareholders, managers, employees, community, suppliers, buyer’s etc: any one who uses or relies on the business in some way. Definition from â€Å"Business Studies Excel† Start of the essay with a summary of the year’s performance, this is found on page one. This summary outlines the performance of the company throughout the last financial year. Although it does not analyse it in great detail it allows the stakeholder to have a brief description of the companies whereabouts in respect to its market share and the way the company is heading. It outlines to the stakeholder the weaknesses of the company and how these weaknesses are going to be dealt with during the next financial year. It also outlines the coming years focus’s for the business. This reflective summary of the previous year past gives minimal but effective insight. Chairman’s report and Management’s discussion and Analysis depict positive corporate governance. The Chairman’s report emphasized the fact that it was a hard year for Greens and outlines the major causes of their downfall, (Pasta problems, Share Problems and the drivers of these problems, also the change in management and the board also contributed to this. It then lists the consequences of these changes. This demonstrates Greens attempt to clarify with its stakeholders where the company went wrong throughout the year and the factors that contributed to these wrong doings. It then goes through and list the factors that are strong in the company, despite the companies weak performance in certain aspects of their products. It outlines to the stakeholders how each aspect of the businesses sale items performed. The Management’s Discussion and Analysis is excellent in answering the stakeholder’s questions in relation to market share, and financial performances. It runs through the major headings that the stakeholders want to know about, (Market position, Products, Sale Revenue, Profit, Debt and expenses, sales performance. Environmental Aspects are then introduced when the effect of the drought on the cost of raw materials in mentioned. (Need to elaborate on). Especially in the food manufacturing industry it is important for shareholders in particular to know how specific products and lines are performing statistically. As the food industry is also a seasonal product, consumer’s tastes and food preference will change throughout the year; therefore stakeholder must be kept informed as to these changes. Greens have done this very well, using brief to the point detail that leads into the in-depth fact and figures later on in the report. The Directors Report is composed by a number of director’s states the names of the directors on the Greens board. It gives a brief description of each and their role in the business. A review of results of operation is then reviewed. It states that â€Å" The Green Family disposed of the majority of their shareholdings. Czarvan PTY LTD, Guinness Peat Group and Continental Venture Capital LTD are now significant shareholders† This is a statement that directly relates to the social structure of the company. The fact that the Green family disposed of their shares to large businesses such as Guinness Peat and other large companies without and hassle implies that they are a strong social company. That is they have other businesses like them working in their favor. On page 9 a section on Corporate Governance and a full report on the companies adherence to corporate governance can be found on page 51 of the report. (I will analyse this later.) When talking about corporate governance use quotes that depict how important it is to the company. â€Å"In recognizing the need for the highest standards of corporate behavior† pg. 9 Environmental issues are then stated, there is only a small paragraph on this. Share options are then mentioned, these are possible one of the most important aspect to the stakeholders. (Elaborate on why this is so) The amount of shares issued and the cost of shares are stated. Financial Statements essentially present a scorecard of a companys operations. At a certain time, or for a certain period of time, financial statements show what the company owns and what it owes, its profitability, and the companys flows of cash. The three primary Financial Statements are the Balance Sheet, the Income Statement (or Earnings Statement), and the Statement of Changes in Financial Position. A less common Financial Statement is the Statement of Retained Earnings. These are all extremely important to stakeholders of the business. (Expand on why these factors are important) Financial Position – This statement is important to stakeholders as it outlines the company’s assets, liabilities and the overall liquidity of the business. It can be seen in the Greens Annual Report on Financial Position that Total Assets in well in excess of Total Liabilities, (102,655, 000 in assets – 58,856, 000 in liabilities) These figures from the Statement of Financial Position can be used in conjunction with accounting ratios to depict the liquidity of the business. (Go through all the relevant ratios and explain what they mean). This is possibly the most important aspect to stakeholders, knowing whether or not and how liquid the company is. (Go through the most important ratios and apply the figures to them and give percentages of liquidity) Show Acid – Test Ratio, Gross Profit Ratio and Debt to total asset ratio. Cash Flows – The Cash Flow Statement is another important aspect that stakeholders are concerned with. This statement shows where cash is coming and going from in the business, it also displays how much the figures of cash leaving and entering are. Name and explain the main ways that cash in entering and leaving. The statement of significant accounting policies outlines all the significant policies that have been adopted in the preparation of the financial report. There are a few main heading that we should look at and analyse a bit further: Intangibles, Employee entitlements (as this is excellent for the social and corporate governance side of the essay), Artwork and design (environmentally friendly packaging to benefit environment) See customer relations print out for ideas on the social side of Greens, in respect to gaining customer feedback and satisfaction. See environmental printout. Greens indicate and acknowledge that its environment is a key factor in its future outcomes. Expand on this idea Overall the Financial statements of Greens company are quite good in the way that they present the information of financial reports to their stakeholder. It is clear and precise and well explained. The needs of major stakeholders have been met through the many comprehensive Financial Statements that Greens have made available. References : www.corp-gov.com Get Smart Business Studies (pg 88) Author Geoff Wing and Ray Wooby An Introduction to Accounting (pg134) Author – Carrick Martin greens.com.au/dir016/greenspublishing.nsf /Content/ConsumerRelations Research Papers on What is Corporate Governance - Business EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan

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Constructivism and Problem Based Learning - Annotated Bibliography Example is particular investigation, emphasizes on practicality, while training professionals of different fields, but somehow, does not recommend that, for teaching in school. In the viewpoint of the current paper, children studying in school should also be given assignments, featuring various practical problems to solve, because by this method, their ability to analyze issues will groom, which is a required ability in all fields of life. Megalakaki, O., Sotiriou, S., Savas, S., & Manoussakis, Y. (2012). Problem-based Educational Environments: A Case Study in e-Commerce and Business Planning. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology 10(1) , 423-446 This study argues, that electronic learning facilities allow learners from various areas to develop their knowledge base, through providing them with integrated access to international libraries. At the same time, offer students an opportunity to consult with leading professionals. In this way, learners could develop in depth understanding of the practical issues of the field. However, in the light of above mentioned source, constructivism is an ideal methodology, while instructing medical students, because in this field problem based method could result in disastrous ramifications, without proper understanding of the medical knowledge. On the other hand, this research believes, that technological aids such as online videos are assisting; language instructors in making their students, learn various foreign languages. In teaching linguistics, professors should encourage their pupils to practice the language in their daily life, because this is the only way to learn, the art of communication, because, human mind initiates the process of self-correction, once the person starts talking in a non-native language. Nevertheless, theoretical background possesses a certain degree of importance in this regard, but ample amount of time should be allocated towards practical learning in the process of developing

Reasons to Appreciate the Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reasons to Appreciate the Family - Essay Example In the beginning of the paper, the author would like to tell about his family. His family is relatively small with only him, his brother, his Mom, and Dad. The author is the eldest child in the family and his baby brother is only 17 years old. The researcher believes that every child should appreciate his or her parents for a lot of reasons. His parents' love had brought him here in this world to enjoy life’s pleasures. The author knows that he can never fully grasp all the toils his mother went through when she carried him in her womb much less the pain that she felt when she finally pushed him out to life. The author tells that he needs not to mention all the nights she stayed up late to take care of him and feed him. She is his best friend and confidante as no one knows all his inner thoughts and emotions. The author doesn’t know what’s in her but she can easily make him open his heart to her and let her know what’s inside it. His mom is really exceptio nal and he admires her so much for her love and courage. Dads are always portrayed as tough, unmovable, and firm yet you’ll be surprised to know that my Dad is different. Though he is tough and unmovable, he made me realized the benefits of his character. His toughness refrains the author from being careless in making decisions and encourages him to be strong. The researcher should also mention that amidst his dad’s firmness, he has a soft heart which enables him to understand his limitations and failures.